A reminder of the dangers of negotiating by email
Published on July 15, 2015 by Selwyn Black
Stellard Pty Ltd & Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd [2015] QSC 119 (Stellard’s Case) demonstrates the risks of being bound by email communication in business affairs even with the words “subject to contract”.
Facts
The purchasers entered into negotiations to buy the vendor’s service station business and the associated freehold.
On 30 October 2014, the defendant’s representative emailed the purchasers’ representative a draft contract for sale, and expressed the view that the vendor was willing to sell on certain terms including:
· Price;
· Deposit amount;
· Purchase of stock at cost;
· Condition of sale being fuel tank and line testing, and environmental investigations;
· Settlement date; and
· Place of settlement.
On 31 October 2014, the representatives had various telephone conversations and agreed:
· to use one contract for both the freehold and the business; and
· the contract would be on the basis of the email sent by the vendor’s representative on 30 October 2014, but with due diligence including environmental investigations.
The vendor’s representative asked that this offer be put in writing.
Later that day, the purchasers’ representative emailed the vendor’s representative and stated:
· he was making the offer for the freehold and business at the agreed price and identified the purchasers;
· the offer was subject to contract and due diligence as discussed;
· effecting an exchange of contracts should occur the next week, but he needed acceptance of the offer immediately.
The vendor’s representative responded by email 45 minutes later and confirmed the offer was accepted, but subject to execution of the contract (with agreed amendments) in the following week.
On 3 November 2014, the purchasers’ solicitor emailed an amended contract to the vendor’s representative. The updated contract:
· identified the purchasers;
· removed a special condition concerning a purchaser’s guarantee; and
· inserted two conditions relating to due diligence and environmental conditions.
On 7 November 2014, the vendor’s representative responded that:
· the contract was not accepted due to changes in the contract that were not agreed between the parties; and
· the sellers entered into another contract with a third party to sell the freehold and business.
The purchasers argued the email exchanges of 31 October 2014, in the context of the conversations between the representatives and the email from the vendor’s representative of 30 October 2014, constituted a valid and binding agreement.
The defendant argued no contract was formed as:
· the offer was expressed to be subject to contract;
· the acceptance was not an unqualified acceptance;
· the parties did not agree on material terms of the transaction; and
· the parties did not intend to be legally bound – with intent not inferred until they progressed to execution and exchange
Principles
In the leading case concerning the formation of a contract, Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353, the court expressed that where parties reach agreement on contractual terms and agree it is subject to formal contract, three possible situations may arise:
· parties agree on all terms and intend to be bound, but wish to have those terms restated in a more complete form but not different in effect;
· parties agree on all terms, but performance is conditional on execution of a formal contract;
· parties do not intend to conclude their negotiations unless a formal contract is entered into;
Whether or not a legally binding contract is entered is determined objectively (i.e. on the communications not the respective intentions).
Application to this case
The court held that, in the context of the emails and conversations between the representatives of the parties, they were bound immediately by the terms they had agreed. The parties, in expressing their offer and acceptance to be subject to contract, were merely expecting to make a further contract containing, by consent, additional terms.
On the vendor’s argument that there was no contract as the parties did not agree on the purchaser guarantee provision or the due diligence period, the court found:
· the guarantees were not a matter essential to the entry into the contract and therefore absence of agreement did not affect the existence of the contract; and
· the due diligence period of 40 days in the email from the vendor’s representative on 30 October 2014 was the agreed period.
On the vendor’s argument that there was no contract as the requirements of section 59 of the Property Law Act 1974 (QLD) were not satisfied (namely that the contract was not signed validly), the court found that emailed acceptance by the vendor’s representatives satisfied section 14 of the Electronic Transactions (Queensland) Act 2001 which provides for circumstances in which electronic communications are taken to have been signed.
What do we learn from this case
It may be necessary for lawyers regularly negotiating interests in land (including leases) to include a statement such as the following:
Please note that there is no intention to create a binding legal relationship between the parties until formal exchange of contracts. In particular, despite anything contained in email correspondence between the parties and their lawyers, the general conveyancing practice of no binding contract until formal exchange between lawyers of signed contracts applies.
An alternative may be for negotiating lawyers to express upfront and in unambiguous terms that the parties will not be bound in any way until a formal contract is agreed, signed and exchanged between the respective lawyers.
If the facts of this case occurred in NSW, it is uncertain whether the same outcome would have been reached as conveyancing practice in NSW is different to that in
Other recent applications of the same principles
In Vantage Systems Pty Ltd v Priolo Corporation Pty Ltd [2015] WASC 21, the court found that a binding agreement for lease was formed when the parties, already in a landlord and tenant relationship, agreed on the terms of a lease renewal by email. This was despite subsequent negotiations, dealings and communications after the agreement by email was reached.